Abstract. Individuals who reside in a country without regular authorisation generally find it difficult to access public medical services beyond emergency treatment. Even in countries with universal healthcare, there is often a gap between rights on paper and their implementation. Civil society organisations (CSOs) fill this gap by providing medical services to vulnerable populations, including irregular migrants. What, if any, are the ethical dilemmas that arise for CSO staff when delivering such services in countries with universal healthcare?

Objective
To study educational gradients in births after medically assisted reproduction across 5 countries with different institutional arrangements.

Design
We use logistic regression and compute predicted probabilities to estimate the association between education and giving birth after assisted reproduction, before and after adjustment for maternal age at delivery and marital/partnership status, using an overall sample of about 3.9 million live births in 5 countries.

Settings
Not applicable.