Abstract. In recent decades, support for the far right has surged in many countries. One common explanation for this is that far-right support is a backlash against left-wing governments and their policies. We investigate the causal effect of the partisan make-up of governments on the electoral results of far-right parties. Evidence from over-time comparative data and a quasi-experimental analysis based on a regression discontinuity design in Spain indicates that far-right parties benefit electorally when the current government is on the left.

Abstract. A well-established finding in public opinion research is that women are more supportive than men of government intervention in the economy. This paper examines correlates of this gender gap using five waves of nationally representative survey data from Spain (2020–2024). We address two questions. First, are structural economic factors (income, employment status, perceived fiscal benefit) associated with a reduction of the gap? We find little to no attenuation when these variables are included.