Valatin, G., Ovando, P, Abildtup, J., et al. (2022). Approaches to cost-effectiveness of payments for tree planting and forest management for water quality services. Ecosystem Services

Abstract. The evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of Payments for ecosystem services (PES) in fostering positive environmental outcomes has been central to the scientific debate on their implementation. PES cost-effectiveness can be affected by a myriad of environmental, institutional and socio-economic factors operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, it can be affected by synergies and trade-offs in the provision of ecosystem services (ES). Planting trees is increasingly considered an effective measure to provide water-related ES.